They Had Names

African Americans in Early Records of Liberty and Bryan Counties, Georgia

Piner Martin

Reverend Piner Martin was one of the founders of the Liberty County Pleasant Grove AME Church.

This research, performed in 2021, is dedicated to Reverend Martin’s descendant, Donald Lovette. Reverend Martin would be so proud to know that Mr. Lovette became Chairman of the Liberty County Board of Commissioners, among his other accomplishments. 

After Emancipation

Pina[1] Martin registered to vote and took the Reconstruction Oath in Liberty County’s Election District 2 in 1867[2]. That same year, he bought 15 acres of land on the Little Canouchee creek from Mrs. Elizabeth Shumatt, and in 1869, he sold this land to the local trustees of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States, including himself. [See below for more details about this.]

Pina Martin taking the Oath of Reconstruction and registering to vote in Liberty County in 1867

Based on census records, Piner Martin and his wife Drucilla[3] appear to have had at least seven children: Adaline (b. 1850), Silvy (b. 1853), Axson (b. 1857), Leonidas (b. 1865), Bradwell (b. 1867), and Margaret (Peggy, b. 1870), in addition to a son who appears to have died prior to the 1880 census, when his widow Harriet (b. 1843) was living with the Martins.

There were also four children listed in the 1880 census[4] as grandchildren of the Martins who may have been the children of Harriet and the deceased son: Ella (b. 1866), Winn (b. 1862), Enoch (b. 1877), and Ferdinand (b. 1879). The 1870 census[5] did not specify relationships but Winn (b. 1860) was listed in the Martin household along with Elijah (b. 1858), Sandy (b. 1860), and Ellen (b. 1862) in an order that seemed to imply they were not Piner and Drucilla’s children, and that Elijah, Sandy, and Ellen may have been a different family grouping from Winn. Given Piner’s and Drucilla’s ages at Emancipation, it is very possible they had other children who were of an age to be living on their own as of 1870 or who had died prior to that.

Pina and Drucilla (here called Priscilla) Martin in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census for Liberty County’s Subdivision 177. Note that Adalina, Silvey, Axson, Leonidus, Bradwell, and Margaret are listed in order by age, then the list starts over again by age with Elijah, Sandy, Ellen, and then again with Winn.

Piner and Drucilla Martin in the 1880 U.S. Federal Census for Liberty County’s District 17. Leonidas, Bradwell, and Margaret are identified as Piner and Drucilla’s children (Adalina and Silvey were of an age to be on their own), and Ella, Winn, Enoch, and Ferdinand are identified as grandchildren, while Harriet is their daughter-in-law and a widow. Rosa Law is listed as Piner’s sister-in-law, which could mean that she was Drucilla’s sister, though there could also be other explanations.

Records of the Pleasant Grove AME Cemetery[6] indicate that Drucilla Martin died in 1892. Piner Martin re-married, to Mrs. Emma Smiley, in a ceremony conducted by Rev. J.A. Jones on December 29, 1898[7]. Piner Martin was identified as “Rev.” [Reverend] in the marriage record, the only evidence found in this research indicating his status as a pastor.

Marriage record for Rev. Pina Martin and Mrs. Emma Smiley, 1898

In the 1900 census[8], Piner and Emma Martin were still living in District 17. The 1900 census specified how many children a woman had had and how many of those were still living, and Emma was said to have had one child, who was still alive. In the household was Edgar Smiley (b. 1893), who was identified as Piner’s grandson. It is likely that he was actually Emma’s grandson from her previous marriage to a Smiley. Also listed in the household were Peggy Martin, identified as Piner Martin’s sister (see the section on Samuel Martin below), and John Martin (b. 1892), identified as Piner Martin’s grandson.

Piner and Emma Martin in the 1900 U.S. Federal Census for District 17.

It is noteworthy that in the 1870 and 1880[9] census records, Piner and Drucilla Martin were living next to Samuel Martin and his wife Margaret/Peggy, and that in the 1900 census, a Peggy Martin, described as Piner’s sister, was living in their household as a widow, indicating that Sam Martin had died before 1900. In the 1900 census, which specified how many children a woman had had, Peggy Martin was listed as having had no children, but they appear to be listed with children in the 1870 and 1880 census records.

On April 4, 1901[10], Piner Martin, of Liberty County, sold timber rights to W.P. Brewer of Liberty County, for $92. The timber rights were located on a parcel of land in the 17th District containing 115 acres, bounded north by Peggy Martin and Joe Fraser, East by lands of R.W. Hammond, South by the estate of A.M. Laing, and West by Caroline Golding.  Witnessed by James Martin and W.S. Goldin [alt: Golden]. Recorded on August 6, 1901, by George M. Mills, Liberty County Superior Court Clerk. Marked on this deed was “Acknowledged in the presence of James W. Frasier, S.B. Brewton, County Judge. Recorded May 4, 1903.” No record of Piner Martin’s having purchased this land originally was found, but there must be such a record.

On December 27, 1904[11], Pina Martin, of Liberty County, sold to Annie Martin, also of Liberty County, for $10 a 110-acre tract of land in Liberty County’s 17th District bounded north by lands of Sam Martin, east by lands of A.M. Laing, South by lands of Laing, and West by lands of Estate Golden. Witnessed by Edieth [alt: Edith] Miller and John Martin. John Martin probated the signatures on January 11, 1905. Recorded on January 28, 1905 by W.W. Fraser, Clerk, Liberty County Superior Court.

The Pleasant Grove AME Church Cemetery records (on FindAGrave.com) appear to state that Piner Martin was born on December 19, 1807, and died on December 19, 1904. However, the 1870, 1880, and 1900 census records put his birth year more around 1815, and he was evidently still alive on December 27, 1904, when Liberty County Superior Court records showed him selling his land to Annie Martin. Given that he sold her the land very cheaply and that (his probable) grandson John Martin needed to probate the record in court, this was very likely a death-bed act.

The most likely identity of Annie Martin is the Annie Martin who was the wife of Stephen Martin. In 1911[12], Annie Martin sold to F.L. Sheppard for $91 a tract of land that appears to have been Piner Martin’s land. It was described as 110 acres, bounded north by lands of Sam Martin, east by lands of A.M. Laing, South and West by lands of Golden. Annie Martin owned considerable amounts of land.

Post-War African Methodist Episcopal Church Records

On June 8, 1867[13], an indenture was made between “Ann Elizabeth Shum– of said State and County of the one part, and Piner Martin, a colored freedman of the same place of the other part” in which Ann E. Shumatt sold to Piner Martin for $100 a 15-acre tract of land in Liberty County lying on the waters of the Little Canouchee, “known as the former residence of her the said Ann E. Shumatt” and bounded on the north by the public road leading to Savannah, on the East and South by lands of Est. of Eli McFail and on the west by land of John M. Ivy’s. Witnessed by Angus M. Laing and Benjamin Darsey, J.P. Recorded on November 7, 1895, by George M. Mills, Clerk, Liberty County Superior Court.

On June 29, 1869[14], Piner Martin, of Liberty County, Georgia, sold for $100 to Trustees Cyrus Smylie, Samuel Fraser, Solomon Smith, Samuel Martin, and Piner Martin “a certain lot or parcel of land, situate, lying and being in said State and County, on the waters of the Little Canouchee, bounded as follows viz: and north by public road leading to Savannah, East and South by lands of John G. Martin, and West by lands of John M. Ivey, containing (15) fifteen acres more or less known as Miss Shumatt’s former residence; together with all singular the houses, woods, water, ways, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging…for the use of the members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America, according to the rules and discipline of said Church…” Witnessed by G.P. Brown and Benjamin Darsey, Justice of the Peace. Recorded on December 30th, 1869, by S.A. Calder, Clerk of Liberty County Superior Court.

On July 6, 1878[15], John G. Martin sold to Sam Martin, Anthony Martin, Sam Fraser, Nero King, and Jacob Campbell, trustees of the African Methodist Church, for $2 one-half care of land in Liberty County, bounded on all sides by lands of J.G. Martin, about three hundred yards south of the African Methodist Church. Witnessed by Angus M. Laing and Robert S. Hendry, J.P. Recorded on November 7, 1895, by George M. Mills, Clerk of Liberty County Superior Court.

On September 4, 1890[16], Stephen Martin, John Martin, and Sarah Futch, heirs of Peter Martin, deceased, all of Liberty County, sold to Simon Martin, Ben Martin, Andrew Baker, Hart Hardee, Sam King, David Tootle, Sam Bacon, and Stephen Mack, trustees of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States, all of Liberty County, for $1 “in consideration of the wishes and directions of their deceased father, the said Peter Martin, for a place of public worship all that lot or parcel of land containing 1/4 acre, more or less, situated on Strum Bay, in the 17th Dist. G.M. Liberty County and State aforesaid and bounded N.E. by John Fabian, E. by John Martin, and S. by Arthur May: said land to be used for church purposes, namely for a place of public worship as aforesaid and for the erection of a parsonage for said A.M.E. Church.” Signed by Stephen Martin, John Martin and Sarah Futch. Witnessed by Sam Bacon and Sam King [both also signed by mark] in the presence of John R. Curry, Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. Recorded on November 7, 1895, by George M. Mills, Liberty County Superior Court Clerk.

On August 19, 1891[17], Pina [alt: Piner] Martin of Liberty County sold to Samuel Bacon, Sam King, Lon Mikell, Ben Martin and Simon Martin, trustees of the African Methodist Church of the Liberty County, for $100 a 15-acre tract of land near the Little Canouchee “known as the former residence of Mrs Ann E. Shumatt and bounded as follows on the North by the Hen Cart Road, East and South by lands of John G. Martin and West by lands of F.P. Martin.” Witnessed by E.R. Perry and J.O. Davis Jr. J.P. Recorded on November 7, 1895, by George M. Mills, Liberty County Superior Court Clerk.

It appears that this was the same land he sold the Church in 1869; perhaps the earlier record was not able to be found and needed to be restated. The deed was accompanied by the following plat:

Plat accompanying 1891 sale of land by Pina Martin to trustees of the African Methodist Church of Liberty County

Early History of the AME Church Land

On March 24, 1850[18], Mrs Elizabeth Shumatt of Liberty County bought from Nathaniel Martin for $15 a 15-acre tract of land on the waters of Little Canouchee, bounded on the north by the public road leading to Savannah, on the east and south by Eli McFail’s lands, and on the west by Nathaniel Martin.  Witnessed by Oliver Price, and John A. Hendry, J.I.C.L.C. Recorded on May 14, 1850, by J.S. Bradwell, C.S.C.L.C. [NOTE: The “Mrs” appears clear. Later referred to in the deed as A. Shumatt.]

William Shumatt died in 1818, leaving as his widow Elizabeth Shumatt. An 1878 letter written by a family member[19] stated that their daughter Elizabeth Ann Shumatt was born in 1807 and had been “the oldest girl in the Asylum and only staid one year.” It appears that Elizabeth Ann Shumatt was placed in an orphanage, presumably after her father died when she was about 11. Although the deed record in which the 15-acre tract was purchased from Nathaniel Martin appears to say it was Mrs. Elizabeth Shumatt who bought it, cemetery records[20] suggest that Mrs. Shumatt died in 1843, and the deed record also referred to the purchaser as A. Shumatt. In addition Mrs. Shumatt was not found in the census records in 1850, but in the 1850 census[21] Miss Elizabeth A. Shumatt was living next door to Nathaniel Martin in District 17 on real estate valued at $40. She was living next to Eli McFail, whose land bordered the land sold to Piner Martin.

1850 census record showing Miss Elizabeth Ann Shumatt owning property

In the 1850 and 1860 census[22] records, Ann Elizabeth Shumatt was living with Mrs. Ann Ashmore, who was the widow of Joseph Ashmore (1791-1832). After the land was sold in 1869, Ann Ashmore appears to have moved in with her granddaughter, Mary S. Carter Feaster[23], who wrote the 1878 letter about Ann Elizabeth Shumatt being in the asylum. Ann Ashmore died in 1871.

Later in 1878[24], Mary Feaster wrote, “We expect Cousin Ann Shumatt down this week to spend the winter with us, not all with me, some at cousin Sloe’s [J. Sloeman Ashmore], some at sister Annie’s [Annie Jackson] and some in Effingham with Auntie and Jackie [Strong Ashmore’s widow Caroline Hendley Ashmore and her son John Ashmore]. That is the way she spends her life, the summer on Taylor’s Creek around with friends, the winter among us…” It appears that after Elizabeth Ann Shumatt sold her house and land to Piner Martin, she moved about, living with relatives.

Before Ann Ashmore moved to the Taylors Creek area after her husband’s death, she had joined the Pleasant Grove Church that was an offshoot of the Midway Congregational Church of Liberty County. She was admitted on trial at that church in June 1815, and to full membership on August 18, 1816. Could this perhaps be an origin of the name of the Pleasant Grove AME Church?

Piner Martin Before Emancipation

Who was Piner Martin’s last enslaver? People enslaved in Liberty County frequently did not take the surname of their last enslaver. Often it appears that they took the surname of a previous enslaver of a member of their family, and it is often very useful to investigate the maternal lines. In this case, however, the simplest explanation—that Piner Martin was last enslaved by a Martin–appears most likely. Why?

The TheyHadNames.net site has recorded more than 30,000 names of African American in Liberty County antebellum documents, including more than 650 estate inventories with names of 17,000+ enslaved people. The names “Pina” or “Piner” are not found on the site, nor any similar name. It could certainly happen than a particular individual would not be named in these documents, just by virtue of when the slaveholder died; however, it does not appear to have been a common name.

If Piner Martin’s name was not recorded in antebellum documents, how else might we deduce who his last enslaver was? Some of Piner’s and Drucilla’s children also had fairly unusual names. Their known children were named Adaline, Silvy, Axson, Leonidas, Bradwell, and Margaret. They had grandchildren named Elijah, Sandy, Ellen, Winn, Enoch and Ferdinand. In researching the white Martin family, it was discovered that Angus Martin, son of Martin Martin, who did not die until 1872 (so had no probate records that would name enslaved people) had children named Axson, Adaline, Leonidas, Margaret, and Enoch, among others.

Children of Piner Martin Children of Angus Martin
Axson (b. 1857) Axson (b. 1851)
Adaline (b. 1850) Adaline (b. 1843)
Enoch (b. 1877) (grandson) Enoch (b. 1837)
Leonidas (b. 1854) Leonidas (b. 1860)
Margaret (b. 1870) Margaret (b. 1845)

This is certainly not proof that Angus Martin was Piner Martin’s last enslaver, but the similarity in names is remarkable. That fact that Angus Martin did not die until after Emancipation would also explain why no antebellum records naming Piner were found.

The white Martin family were among the earliest settlers in Taylors Creek. In March 1812[25], Martin Martin, the father of Angus Martin, named ten enslaved people in his will: Ben, Harry, Luis (alt: Lewis), Peg, Peter, Sam, Tenor [alt: Tenah], Mally, Mary and Rose. He left them to his wife and children as follows:

Sam & Peggy: to his wife. Sam’s and Peggy’s future children were to be divided among Martin Martin’s children, but Peggy was to be set free, if possible, when his wife died, and to live with his daughter Sarah otherwise. [No evidence was found that Peggy was set free, and public Ancestry.com trees list Martin Martin’s wife, Isabella Graham, as also dying in 1812.]

Excerpt from Martin Martin’s 1812 will specifying that Peg was to be set free when his wife died

Luis (Lewis): his daughter Jane

Harry: his son John

Tenor (a girl): his daughter Elizabeth

Ben: his son Nathaniel

Peter: his son William

Mary: his daughter Floranna

Mally: his son Angus

Rose: his daughter Sarah

An unnamed girl: his daughter Margaret

Martin Martin appears to have died in April 1812.

In the January 1813 inventory of his estate[26], those ten people were named, plus an additional one, Guy, who may have been born after the will was made, and may have been the child of Peggy and Sam (based on the order of the list).

If Martin Martin was the one holding Piner Martin enslaved, one would expect to see Piner’s name on this list if in fact he had been born in 1807 as indicated on FindAGrave.com. However, if he were born around 1815, as the census records appear to indicate, it would make sense that he would not appear here, but it is possible that one or both of his parents were on this list. It is certainly very possible that his parents were Peggy and Sam.

Martin Martin’s other sons besides Angus died before Emancipation and inventories of their estates did not name Piner. Given the similarity of the names of Piner’s and Angus’s children, and Angus’s death after Emancipation, when no records naming Piner would have been created, it is a reasonable hypothesis that Piner’s last enslaver was Angus Martin. Also, given that after Emancipation Piner Martin lived next to Sam and Peggy Martin, both born in the 1820s (according to census records), and that Peggy Martin was living in Piner Martin’s household in 1900 and described as his sister (possibly sister-in-law?), it seems likely that one of them was also a child of the older Peggy and Sam.

Sources

  1. Piner Martin’s name was spelled variably as Pina or Piner throughout the post-Civil War records. ↑
  2. “Georgia, Returns of Qualified Voters and Reconstruction Oath Books, 1867-1869,” registered in Precinct no. 4, Liberty County, for the 2d Election District. Digital Image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com: accessed 2/7/2021) ↑
  3. Drucilla Martin’s name was listed as Priscilla in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census of Liberty County. ↑
  4. 1880 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, 17th District, p. 15, lines 36-46, enumerated on June 10, 1880, by John E. Sheppard, Piner and Drucilla Martin household, digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4240148-00521: accessed 2/7/2021).  ↑
  5. 1870 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, Subdivision 177, p. 10, lines 22-33, enumerated on November 18, 1870, by J.S. Fleming, Pina and Priscilla Martin household, digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7163/images/4263491_00328: accessed 2/7/2021).  ↑
  6. FindAGrave.com, Memorial for Rev Piner Martin (memorial ID 31679316) in Pleasant Grove AME Cemetery, Fort Stewart, Liberty County, Georgia, USA (Cemetery ID 2281240); digital image accessed at https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/31679316/piner-martin on 2/7/2021. ↑
  7. Ancestry.com, “Georgia, Marriage Records From Select Counties, 1828-1978,” Liberty County, Georgia, “Marriages (White and Colored), Book B, 1897-1909,” (https://www.ancestry.com: accessed 2/7/2021), image #81, page 93, Rev. Pina Martin to Mrs. Emma Smiley on December 29, 1898, performed by Rev. J.A. Jones. ↑
  8. 1900 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, 17th District, sheet #10, lines 9-14, enumerated on June 15, 1900, by O. C. Smith, Pina and Emma Martin household (including Peggy Martin), digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7602/images/4120071_00665: accessed 2/7/2021).  ↑
  9. 1870 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, Subdivision 177, p. 10, lines 34-38, enumerated on November 18, 1870, by J.S. Fleming, Samuel and Margaret Martin household, digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7163/images/4263491_00328: accessed 2/7/2021); 1880 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, 17th District, p. 15, lines 47-50, enumerated on June 10, 1880, by John E. Sheppard, Samuel and Peggy Martin household, digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4240148-00521: accessed 2/7/2021); 1900 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, 17th District, sheet #10, lines 9-14, enumerated on June 15, 1900, by O. C. Smith, Pina and Emma Martin household (including Peggy Martin), digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7602/images/4120071_00665: accessed 2/7/2021).  ↑
  10. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. AE 1901-1903” p. 51, Piner Martin to W.P. Brewer; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. AE-AF 1901-1904” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #59, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-59H4-C?i=58&cat=292358, accessed 2/6/2021) ↑
  11. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. AG 1904-1906” p. 139-40, Piner Martin to Annie Martin; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. AG-AH 1904-1907” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #105-6, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-59BB-D?i=105&cat=292358, accessed 2/6/2021) ↑
  12. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. AL 1911-1912” p. 21, Annie Martin to F.L. Sheppard; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. AK-AL 1910-1912” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #411, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-5SF4-K?i=410&cat=292358, accessed 2/8/2021) ↑
  13. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. v. AB 1894-1896” p. 389-90, Elizabeth Ann Shumatt to Piner Martin; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. AA-AB 1892-1896” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #519, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-598Q-L?i=518&cat=292358, accessed 2/6/2021) ↑
  14. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. P 1860-1870,” p. 594-5, Piner Martin to Trustees; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. O-P 1854-1870” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #674, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-RSP2-V?i=673&cat=292358, accessed 2/6/2021) ↑
  15. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. v. AB 1894-1896” p. 390-1, J.G. Martin to AME Trustees; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. AA-AB 1892-1896” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #520, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-597Q-3?i=519&cat=292358, accessed 2/6/2021) ↑
  16. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. v. AB 1894-1896” p. 390-1, Heirs of Peter Martin to AME Trustees; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. AA-AB 1892-1896” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #520, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-597Q-3?i=519&cat=292358, accessed 2/6/2021) ↑
  17. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. v. AB 1894-1896” p. 392-3, Pina Martin to AME Trustees; digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. AA-AB 1892-1896” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #521, (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-597T-1?i=520&cat=292358, accessed 2/6/2021) ↑
  18. Liberty County Superior Court, “Deeds & Mortgages v. N 1847-1854,” p. 233, Nathaniel Martin to Elizabeth Shumatt, digital image, FamilySearch.org, “Deeds & Mortgages, v. M-N 1842-1854” within “Deeds and mortgages, 1777-1920; general index to deeds and mortgages, 1777-1958,” image #527, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C3QP-5S1V?i=526&cat=292358, accessed 2/7/2021) ↑
  19. Letter written in April 1878 by Mary S. Carter Feaster; transcribed from original by Gloria Armistead; from copy of transcription held by Stacy Cole as of 2/7/2021. ↑
  20. FindAGrave.com, Memorial for Elizabeth B. Shumatt (memorial ID 22704341) in Taylors Creek Cemetery, Fort Stewart, Liberty County, Georgia, USA (Cemetery ID 37317); digital image accessed at https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22704341/elizabeth-b.-shumat on 2/7/2021. ↑
  21. 1850 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, District 17, p. 63, lines 11-12, enumerated on August 26, 1850, by John Shaw, Elizabeth A. Shumatt and Ann Ashmore household, digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/8054/images/4193244-003658: accessed 2/7/2021).  ↑
  22. 1860 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, District 17, p. 39, lines 25-6, enumerated on July 25, 1860, by William A. Boggs, E.A. Shumat and Ann Ashmore household, digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7667/images/4212560_00275: accessed 2/7/2021).  ↑
  23. 1870 U.S. Census, Liberty County, Georgia, population schedule, Subdivision 181, p. 38, lines 16-19, enumerated on November 22, 1870, by W.S.Norman, William and Mary Feaster household, digital image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7163/images/4263491_00473: accessed 2/7/2021). ↑
  24. Letter written in October 1878 by Mary S. Carter Feaster; transcribed from original by Gloria Armistead; from copy of transcription held by Stacy Cole as of 2/7/2021. ↑
  25. “Georgia Probate Records, 1742-1990,” images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L93L-P9QL?cc=1999178&wc=9SYT-PT5%3A267679901%2C268032901 : 20 May 2014), Liberty > Wills, appraisements and bonds 1790-1850 vol B > image 118 of 689; county probate courthouses, Georgia. ↑
  26. “Georgia Probate Records, 1742-1990,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G93L-P84?cc=1999178&wc=9SYT-PT5%3A267679901%2C268032901 : 20 May 2014), Liberty > Wills, appraisements and bonds 1790-1850 vol B > image 347 of 689 cc=1999178&wc=9SYT-PT5%3A267679901%2C268032901 : 20 May 2014). ↑